Egoism,Altruism,and the Social Contract

• ​Altruism

  • ​unselfishness

• ​Psychological egoism
  

  • ​descriptive

    • ​what people are like
      

  • ​acts only in heir own self-interest
    

  • ​classification

    • ​Narrow psychological egoism
      

      • ​short-term self interest
        

    • ​Broad psychological egoism
      

      • ​long-term interest
        

      • ​problems

  • ​problems

• ​Ethical egoism
  

  • ​nomtive

    • ​how people ought to behave
      

  • ​people should act only from selfish motives.
    

  • ​classification

    • ​Individual ethical egoism
      

    • ​Universal Ethical egoism
      

  • ​Problems with ethical egoism
    

    • ​Grounding in psychological egoism
      

    • ​Consistency or coherence
      

      • ​self-contradiction

    • ​Derivation from economic theory
      

    • ​Conformity to commonsense moral views
      

• ​Social contract
  

  • ​Contracrarianism

    • ​forms the basis of the political state
      

    • ​used to determine what justice requires
      

    • ​forms the basis of morality itself
      

  • ​Thomas Hobbes
    

    • ​People are naturally egoists
      

    • ​Everyone wants only  to promote their own welfare
      

    • ​People are basically equal
      

      • ​In strength
        

      • ​In wisdom
        

    • ​No one can get absolute and secure power over others
      

  • ​The state of nature
    

    • ​no morality(All is allowed)
      

  • ​The social contract theory
    

    • ​人们自愿放弃一些权力换其他人放弃一些权力

    • ​People agreed to be bound by laws for their own sakes
      

    • ​People agreed to recognize such a power
      

      • ​the Leviathan
        

        • ​The state
          

  • ​Criticisms

    • ​no "state of nature"
      

    • ​没有考虑that cannot be rationally held to contracts
      

    • ​People lived in small tribes and societies
      

    • ​People are not completely egoistical