Introduction to Psychology

• ​Ch 1
  

  • ​Pseudopsychology

    • ​Phrenology（颅相）

    • ​Graphyology（笔迹）

    • ​Astrology （星座）
      

  • ​History of psychology
    

    • ​Psychology origin
      

      • ​Philosophy

        • ​cognative perspective
          

      • ​Physiology

        • ​biology perspective
          

          • ​Hippocrates-father of medicine
            

    • ​Scientific psychology development
      

      • ​Introspection

        • ​Willhelm Wundt
          

          father of psyhology

          consider psy as a subject of scientific analysis

          set up a lab in Germany

          1879,psy born

      • ​Structuralism and functionalism
        

      • ​Behaviorism

      • ​Gestalt psychology
        

      • ​Psychoanalysis

        • ​slip of tongue
          

        • ​dream

        • ​free association
          

        • ​physical mannerisms
          

    • ​Nature&nurture debate
      

      • ​Nature view
        

        • ​Descartes

        • ​Charles Darwin
          

          • ​Theory of evolution
            

      • ​Nurture view
        

        • ​John Locke
          

          • ​tabula rasa
            

        • ​Watson

          给我一个孩子，我可以把他培养成任何职业（医生，警察，etc.）

  • ​Social judgement
    

    • ​fundamental attribution error
      

    • ​overjustification effect
      

  • ​Psychological research
    

    • ​Generating a scientific hypothesis
      

    • Testing the hypothesis
      

      • ​Experiment

      • ​Correlation

      • ​Observation

        • ​Direct observation
          

        • ​The survey method
          

          • ​interview

          • ​questionaire

        • ​case histories
          

      • ​Literature review
        

        • ​narrative review
          

        • ​meta-analysis

  • ​Ethics of psychology reasearch
    

    • ​Human

      • ​minimal risk
        

      • ​informed consent
        

      • ​right to privacy
        

      • ​weigh the cost of the study
        

    • ​Animals

  • ​Contemporary Psychological Perspectives
    

    • ​Biology perspective
      

      •attempts to specify the neurobiological processes the underlie behavior and mental process.

      • ​neurobiological processes

      • ​disorders

    • ​Behavioral perspective
      

      •behavior should be the sole subject matter of psychology; does not consider mental processes. Behavior as the result of conditioning and reinforcement

      • ​result

    • ​Cognitive perspective
      

      •1. only by studying mental processes can we fully understand what organisms do; 2. we can study mental processes in an objective fashion by focusing on specific behaviors, but interpreting them in terms of underlying mental processes.

    • ​Psychoanalytic perspective
      

      much of behavior stems from unconscious processes. Emphasis on the role of childhood experienced in shaping adult behavior

    • ​Subjectivist perspective
      

      •focuses on subjective experience; on an individual's personal view of events in the individual's phenomenology.

  • ​Major subfields
    

    • ​Biological psy
      

    • ​Cognitive psy
      

    • ​Developmental psy
      

    • ​Social&personality psy
      

    • ​Clinical&counseling psy
      

    • ​School&educational psy
      

    • ​Organizational&engineering psy
      

• ​Ch2

  • ​Nervous System
    

    • ​Central Nervous System(CNS)
      

      • ​Brain
        

        http://www.brainfacts.org/3d-brain#intro=false&focus=Brain-cerebral_hemisphere-occipital_lobe-primary_visual_cortex

        • ​The hindbrain
          

          • ​Medulla

          • ​Pons

          • ​Reticular formation
            

          • ​Cerebellum

        • ​The midbrain
          

          • ​Superior and inferior colliculus
            

          • ​Substantia nigra
            

        • ​The forebrain
          

          • ​Thalamus

          • ​Hypothalamus

          • ​Limbic system
            

            • ​Hippocampus

            • ​Amygdala

          • ​Pituitary gland
            

          • ​Cerebral cortex
            

            • ​Frontal lobe
              

              • ​Primary motor area
                

            • ​Parietal lobe
              

              • ​Primary somatosensory area
                

            • ​Occipital lobe
              

              • ​Primary visual area
                

            • ​Temporal lobe
              

              • ​Primary auditory area
                

      • ​Spinal cord
        

        • ​knee jerk reflex
          

    • ​Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
      

      transmit information to and from CNS

      • ​Somatic system
        

        • ​the sensory nerves
          

        • ​the motor nerves
          

      • ​Autonomic system
        

        • ​sympathetic nervous system
          

          • ​active

        • ​parasympathetic nervous system
          

          • ​rest

    • ​
      

      • ​Neurons

        • ​Sensory neurons
          

        • ​Interneurons

          • ​connect SN and MN
            

            • ​CNS&eyes

        • ​Motor neurons
          

      • ​Nonneural cell
        

        • ​glial cells
          

          • ​support

  • Neuron communication
    

    • ​Intra-neuron communication
      

      • ​Action potential
        

      • ​electrochemical process
        

      • ​All-or-none law
        

    • ​Inter-neuron communication
      

      • ​Synapse

      • ​chemical process
        

      • ​Neurotransmitters

        与memory有关：Acetylcholine,Glutamate

        与emotion有关：Norepinephrine,Dopamine,Serotonin

        与muscle control有关:GABA,Acetylcholine

        • ​Acetylcholine

          muscle control,emotion,memory

        • ​Norepinephrine

          alertness and arousal

        • ​Dopamine

          motivation and mood regulation

        • ​Serotonin

          mood regulation,sleep and appetite

          • ​SSRI

            抑制Serotonin重吸收

            用于治疗depression

            
            

        • ​Glutamate

          • memory and learning

        • ​GABA

          • ​major inhibitory
            

      • ​Lock and key law
        

  • ​Hormones vs Neurotransmitters
    

    • ​compare

    • ​contrast

  • ​Aphasia

    • ​damage Broca's area
      

      • ​expressive

      • ​speech production
        

    • ​damage Wernicke's area
      

      • ​receptive

      • ​comprehend words
        

• ​Ch3

  • ​Developmental psychology
    

    • ​Physical development
      

    • ​Cognitive development
      

    • ​Personality&social development
      

  • stages of development
    

    • ​Critical periods
      

    • ​Sensitive period
      

  • ​Jean Piaget
    

    • ​Schema

      • ​mental representation
        

      • ​cognitive structure
        

      • ​organized beliefs&knowledge
        

    • ​Assimilation

    • ​Accomodation

    • ​Piaget's stage theory
      

      • ​Sensorimotor stage(0-2)
        

        • ​object permanence
          

      • ​Preoperational stage(2-7)
        

        • ​comprehend certain rules or operations(logically)
          

        • ​attained conservation
          

        • ​egocentrism

        • ​learn to use language
          

      • ​Concrete operational stage(7-11)
        

        • ​master conservation
          

      • ​Formal operational stage(>11)
        

        • ​think logically
          

  • ​Critique of Piaget's theory
    

  • ​Alternative of Piaget's theory
    

    • ​Information-processing approaches
      

    • ​Knowledge-acquisition approaches
      

    • ​Social cultural approaches
      

  • ​Theory of mind
    

  • ​Kohlberg 习俗水平
    

    • ​Level I
      

      • ​Preconventional morality
        

        • ​stage 1
          

          • ​Punishment orientation
            

        • ​stage 2
          

          • ​Reward orientation
            

    • ​Level II
      

      • ​Conventional morality
        

        • ​stage3

          • ​Good-boy/good-girl orientation
            

        • ​stage 4
          

          • ​Authority orientation
            

    • ​Level III
      

      • ​Postconventional morality
        

        • ​stage5

          • ​Social contract orientation
            

        • ​stage 6
          

          • ​Ethical principle orientation
            

  • ​Temperament

    • ​easy temperament
      

    • ​difficult temperament
      

    • ​slow to warm up temperament
      

  • ​Attachment

    • ​Securely attached
      

    • ​Insecurely attached
      

      • ​Avoidant

      • ​ambivalent

    • ​disorganized

  • ​Adolescence

    • ​identity crisis