Theory and research

• ​Basic theoretical terms
  

  • ​theory

  • ​hypothesis

• ​Theoretical perspectives
  

  • ​Psychoanalytic

    • ​unconcious

    • ​Freud

      • ​Psychosexual development
        

    • ​Erikson

      • ​Psychosocial development
        

  • ​Learning

    • ​definition

      A long-lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the enviroment.

    • ​Associative learning
      

      A mental link is formed between 2 events.

      • ​classical conditioning
        

      • ​operant conditioning
        

    • ​Behaviorism

      • ​A mechanistic theory
        

      • ​reactive&continuous
        

    • ​Social learning(cognitive) theory
      

      behaviors are learned by observing and imtating models,

      • ​Albert Bandura
        

      • ​reciprocal determination
        

      • ​observational learning
        

        • ​active process
          

      • ​self-efficacy

        sense of one's capability to master chllenges and achieve goals.

  • ​Cognitive

    • ​Jean Piaget
      

      • ​conitive-stage theory
        

        • ​organization

          • ​schema

        • ​Adaptation

          • ​assimilation

          • ​accomodation

        • ​Equilibration

    • ​Lev Vygotsky
      

      • ​socialcultural theory
        

        • ​language

        • ​zone of proximal development
          

        • ​scaffolding

    • ​The information-processing approach
      

      Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

      • ​active but continuous
        

    • ​Non-Piagetian

  • ​Contextual

    • ​Urie Bronfenbrenner
      

      • ​Bioecological theory
        

  • ​Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective
    

    • ​Evolved mechanisms
      

    • ​Ethology

      • ​proximity-seeking

    • ​Evolutionary psychology
      

    • ​Darwin' s evolutionary theory
      

      • ​survival of the fittest
        

      • ​natural selection
        

• ​2 theoretical issues
  

  • ​Is development active or reactive?
    

    • ​Mechanistic model
      

      • ​reactive

      • ​Locke
        

        • ​tabula rasa
          

      • ​people-machine
        

    • ​Organismic model
      

      • ​active

      • ​Rousseau

        • ​"noble savages"
          

  • ​Is development contiuous or discontinous?
    

    • ​Quantitative change
      

      • ​continuous

    • ​Qualitative change
      

      • ​discontinuous

      • ​stage theories
        

• Developmental research design
  

  • ​Cross-sectional

    • ​procedure

      • ​different age
        

      • ​same time
        

    • ​Pros

      • ​speedy,economical

      • ​repeated testing
        

    • ​Cons

      • ​age effects
        

      • ​individual differences
        

      • ​cohort effects
        

  • ​Longitudinal

    • ​procedure

      • ​same people
        

      • ​different time
        

    • ​Pros

      • ​age-related change or continuity
        

      • ​cohort effects
        

    • ​Cons

      • ​time-consuming,expensive

      • ​attribution bias and repeating testing
        

      • ​cohort tested or sample studied
        

  • ​Sequential

    • ​Pros

      • ​avoid drawbacks of ...
        

    • ​Cons

      • ​much time
        

      • ​much effort
        

      • ​comlex data