英语语法
句子
句子种类
陈述句
疑问句
一般疑问句
Do you speak English?
注意:用Yes 和No来回答:Yes, I do/ No, I don't.
特殊疑问句
Where are you from?
注意:与之类似的其他疑问词包括:who where why how when 等
选择疑问句
Do you like tea or coffee?
注意:不能回答Yes或No,要具体选一个,比如I like tea
反意疑问句
You don't sound very well, do you?
注意:逗号前面的陈述部分和后面的疑问部分意思相反
祈使句
用于表达命令、劝告、请求等
Sit down, please!
感叹句
What a wonderful trip!
句子成分
按功能分类
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语、独立
主语:动作的发出者
you, I,he 等
谓语:发出的动作
play, do 等
宾语:动作的承受者
play basketball中的basketball(篮球被打)
表语:紧跟系动词,表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征
She is beautiful.这里的beautiful(美丽的)形容she
定语:修饰和限定表达对象的特征
具体而言:形容词或者有形容词性的词/短语/句子
a famous university ;这里famous 就是定语
状语:在句子中起到修饰作用
状语的用途:说明程度、地点、结果、时间、目的、原因等
He speaks English poorly. 这里的poorly表示他说英语的程度并不好
She settled down in London five months ago. 这里five months ago表示时间状语。
补足语:修饰宾语或者主语,分为宾语补足语和主语补足语
I keep my bedroom clean.这里 bedroom是宾语,clean修饰bedroom,是它的补足语。
同位语:与句子中某一成分上处于同等位置
He, a handsome boy, died in 2002. 这里的 a handsome boy和 He 处于同等位置。(He died in 2002或A handsome boy died in 2002)
按结构分类
名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语
名词短语
my favorite sport (my 限定词,favourite 形容词,sport 名词)
动词短语
get up / put down/ care about
形容词短语
be nervous about/ be afraid of/ be famous for
副词短语
as a result/ first of all/ rather than/ at last
介词短语
at the same time/ on foot/ in danger
句子结构
简单句
5类简单句
主谓结构
I cried.(I 主语, cried 谓语)
主谓宾结构
He left Beijing. (He 主语,left谓语,Beijing 宾语)
主系表结构
She is a nurse. (She 主语,is系动词,a nurse 表语)
主谓宾宾结构
She offers me a job. (She 主语,offer谓语,me宾语,a job宾语)
主谓宾宾补结构
I keep my bedroom clean. (I 主语,keep谓语,my bedroom宾语,clean宾语补足语)
并列句
用and, but, or ,so 等连接
I didn't sleep well so I felt tired. (用so 连接前后两个句子:I didn't sleep well和I felt tired)
复合句
名词性从句
主语从句
充当主语的句子
句子开头:what,who, why, that, whether,it做形式主语等
Why he did this was a secret. (why he did this是主语)
宾语从句
充当宾语的句子
连接词:that, if whether,连接代词:what, who , which 等,连接副词:when, where, why等
We understand that this is important. (We主语,understand 谓语,understand 后面的句子起到宾语作用)
表语从句
跟在系动词后面做表语的从句
系动词种类:am/is/are/remain/keep/seem/smell/taste等
连接词用that,whether, because, as, wh-类连接词 等
This is why they told me. (翻译:这就是为什么他们要告诉我的原因)(This 主语,is 系动词,why the told me起表语作用)
同位语从句
同位语从句在主句的作用等同于它修饰的名词
连接词有:that,whether,why,who等
He heard the news that the local team has won the game.(翻译:他听说一则新闻,该新闻说的是:“当地球队赢得了比赛”)(这里that 后面一整句话都在解释news的具体内容)
形容词性从句(定语从句)
关系词:who,which that, when, where 等
Jack is the guy that I met at school.
从句充当定语,起修饰作用
副词性从句(状语从句)
种类:
时间、地点、原因
时间状语从句:When I was young, I loved playing basketball.
地点状语从句:put it where the cat cannot reach. (把这东西放到猫咪够不着的地方)
原因状语从句:I like running because it keeps me in good shape (我喜欢跑步因为它能让我保持健康)
目的、让步、方式
目的状语从句:I always finish my homework early so that I can play computer games. (so that 表示“为了”)(我总是提早完成作业,为了能赶紧玩游戏)
让步状语从句:Although he is big, he runs pretty fast. (虽然他很胖,但是他跑得特别快)
方式状语从句:Can you take notes as your teacher asks you? (您能像老师要求你那样记笔记吗)
结果、条件、比较
结果状语从句:I was so tired that I fell asleep immediately。(我如此之累以致于我立马就睡着了)
条件状语从句:If you don't listen to me, I will punish you. (if如果表条件)
比较状语从句:He is not as tall as me. (他没我这么高)