Utilitarianism

• ​put forward by
  

  • ​John Stuart Mill
    

    • ​Quantity+Quality pleasure
      

    • ​intellectual pleasure-higher quality
      

    • ​personal liberty
      

  • ​Jeremy Bentham
    

    • ​Quantity pleasure
      

    • ​Law=moral principle
      

• ​Ethical Dilemma cases
  

  • ​Trolley problem
    

  • ​Transplant problem
    

  • ​Cannibalism

• ​calculating happiness
  

  • ​Pleasure minus pains
    

  • ​Intensity
    

  • ​Duration

  • ​Likelihood

  • ​Fruitfulness
    

    • ​long-term results
      

• ​Characteristic

  • ​Democratic

    • ​social policy
      

  • ​Progressive

    • ​questioned the status quo
      

  • ​Empiricist

    • ​observation

  • ​Optimistic

    • ​Human wisdom and science
      

• ​Moral principle
  

  • ​the greatest happiness principle
    

  • ​a form of consequentialism
    

• ​Problems

  • ​consequences-impossible to predict
    

  • ​how calculate units of goodness?
    

  • ​everyone desire happiness?
    

• ​influenced by
  

  • ​Hedonism

• • ​Instrumental good
    

    • ​为了实现intrinsic good
      

  • ​Intrinsic good
    

    • ​Happiness,pleasure and the absence of suffering
      

• ​Applications

  • ​Cost-benefit analysis
    

  • ​policy determination
    

  • ​affected factor-money value
    

  • ​the best course or action
    

• ​Varieties of U
  

  • ​Act utilitarianism
    

  • ​Rule utilitarianism